Confidential — Stefan Michaelcheck Only

A counterfactual and risk temporal knowledge graph framework for interpretable project risk management

2026reasoning enablementnovelframework

Bodrunnessa Badhon, Mario Vanhoucke, Sreenatha G. Anavatti, Ripon K. Chakrabortty

Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engappai.2026.114568OpenAlex: W7140881526
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GPT-5.5 Abstract Analysis

Problems Identified (5)

Black-box risk prediction interpretability: Machine learning risk assessment models are difficult for stakeholders to trust because their black-box nature limits interpretability.

Non-actionable XAI explanations: Traditional XAI methods identify influential risk factors but often do not provide practical intervention recommendations.

Infeasible counterfactual recommendations: Existing counterfactual explanation methods in PRM can lack domain specificity, overlook interdependencies, and ignore temporal constraints, leading to unrealistic or infeasible recommendations.

Black-box risk prediction interpretability: Machine learning risk assessment models are difficult for stakeholders to trust because their black-box nature limits interpretability.

Non-actionable XAI explanations: Traditional XAI methods identify influential risk factors but often do not provide practical intervention recommendations.

Proposed Solutions (5)

CR-RTKG framework: The paper proposes CR-RTKG, which integrates counterfactual reasoning with a Risk Temporal Knowledge Graph to improve the interpretability and actionability of risk mitigation.

Risk Temporal Knowledge Graph modeling: The RTKG encodes domain knowledge, causal dependencies, cascading effects, and temporal risk horizons to support prioritization by urgency and systemic influence.

Constraint-aware counterfactual optimization: CR-RTKG embeds stakeholder-defined constraints into multi-objective optimization to produce context-sensitive and feasible counterfactual explanations.

CR-RTKG framework: The paper proposes CR-RTKG, which integrates counterfactual reasoning with a Risk Temporal Knowledge Graph to improve the interpretability and actionability of risk mitigation.

Risk Temporal Knowledge Graph modeling: The RTKG encodes domain knowledge, causal dependencies, cascading effects, and temporal risk horizons to support prioritization by urgency and systemic influence.

Results (3)

Improved plausibility and feasibility:

Outperforms counterfactual baselines:

Improved plausibility and feasibility:

Research Domain

Project risk management and explainable AI with temporal knowledge graphs

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